

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
	<meta charset="UTF-8">
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
	<link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
	<title>independent poland &#8211; Polish-American Cultural Center</title>
<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//js.stripe.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Polish-American Cultural Center &raquo; Feed" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Polish-American Cultural Center &raquo; Comments Feed" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Polish-American Cultural Center &raquo; independent poland Tag Feed" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/tag/independent-poland/feed/" />
		<!-- This site uses the Google Analytics by MonsterInsights plugin v9.9.0 - Using Analytics tracking - https://www.monsterinsights.com/ -->
							<script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-FZB2B8DD9X"  data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" async></script>
			<script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false">
				var mi_version = '9.9.0';
				var mi_track_user = true;
				var mi_no_track_reason = '';
								var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"http:\/\/polishcenterofcleveland.org\/tag\/independent-poland\/"};
								if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) {
					var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations );
				} else {
					var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations;
				}

								var disableStrs = [
										'ga-disable-G-FZB2B8DD9X',
									];

				/* Function to detect opted out users */
				function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() {
					for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) {
						if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) {
							return true;
						}
					}

					return false;
				}

				/* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */
				if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) {
					for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) {
						window[disableStrs[index]] = true;
					}
				}

				/* Opt-out function */
				function __gtagTrackerOptout() {
					for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) {
						document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/';
						window[disableStrs[index]] = true;
					}
				}

				if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) {
					function gaOptout() {
						__gtagTrackerOptout();
					}
				}
								window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];

				window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = {
					helpers: {},
					trackers: {},
				};
				if (mi_track_user) {
					function __gtagDataLayer() {
						dataLayer.push(arguments);
					}

					function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) {
						if (!parameters) {
							parameters = {};
						}

						if (parameters.send_to) {
							__gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments);
							return;
						}

						if (type === 'event') {
														parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id;
							var hookName = name;
							if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') {
								hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name;
							}

							if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') {
								MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters);
							} else {
								__gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters);
							}
							
						} else {
							__gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments);
						}
					}

					__gtagTracker('js', new Date());
					__gtagTracker('set', {
						'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true,
											});
					if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) {
						__gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations);
					}
										__gtagTracker('config', 'G-FZB2B8DD9X', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} );
										window.gtag = __gtagTracker;										(function () {
						/* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */
						/* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */
						var noopfn = function () {
							return null;
						};
						var newtracker = function () {
							return new Tracker();
						};
						var Tracker = function () {
							return null;
						};
						var p = Tracker.prototype;
						p.get = noopfn;
						p.set = noopfn;
						p.send = function () {
							var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
							args.unshift('send');
							__gaTracker.apply(null, args);
						};
						var __gaTracker = function () {
							var len = arguments.length;
							if (len === 0) {
								return;
							}
							var f = arguments[len - 1];
							if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') {
								if ('send' === arguments[0]) {
									var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action;
									if ('event' === arguments[1]) {
										if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) {
											hitObject = {
												'eventAction': arguments[3],
												'eventCategory': arguments[2],
												'eventLabel': arguments[4],
												'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1,
											}
										}
									}
									if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) {
										if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) {
											hitObject = {
												'eventAction': 'page_view',
												'page_path': arguments[2],
											}
										}
									}
									if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') {
										hitObject = arguments[2];
									}
									if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') {
										Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]);
									}
									if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) {
										hitObject = arguments[1];
										if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) {
											hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view';
										}
									}
									if (hitObject) {
										action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction;
										hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject);
										__gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted);
									}
								}
								return;
							}

							function mapArgs(args) {
								var arg, hit = {};
								var gaMap = {
									'eventCategory': 'event_category',
									'eventAction': 'event_action',
									'eventLabel': 'event_label',
									'eventValue': 'event_value',
									'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction',
									'timingCategory': 'event_category',
									'timingVar': 'name',
									'timingValue': 'value',
									'timingLabel': 'event_label',
									'page': 'page_path',
									'location': 'page_location',
									'title': 'page_title',
									'referrer' : 'page_referrer',
								};
								for (arg in args) {
																		if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) {
										hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg];
									} else {
										hit[arg] = args[arg];
									}
								}
								return hit;
							}

							try {
								f.hitCallback();
							} catch (ex) {
							}
						};
						__gaTracker.create = newtracker;
						__gaTracker.getByName = newtracker;
						__gaTracker.getAll = function () {
							return [];
						};
						__gaTracker.remove = noopfn;
						__gaTracker.loaded = true;
						window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker;
					})();
									} else {
										console.log("");
					(function () {
						function __gtagTracker() {
							return null;
						}

						window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker;
						window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker;
					})();
									}
			</script>
			
							<!-- / Google Analytics by MonsterInsights -->
		<style id='wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css'>
img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
</style>
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'>

	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}
/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.9.4' media='all' />
<style id='global-styles-inline-css'>
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 800px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1200px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpecpp-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-ecommerce-paypal/assets/css/wpecpp.css?ver=2.0.1' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/reset.css?ver=3.4.4' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-theme-style-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/theme.css?ver=3.4.4' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-header-footer-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/header-footer.css?ver=3.4.4' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=3.35.8' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-3467-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-3467.css?ver=1773262560' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-prata-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/prata.css?ver=1742850021' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-roboto-css' href='http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/roboto.css?ver=1742850054' media='all' />
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/prototype/1.7.1.0/prototype.js?ver=1.7.1" id="prototype-js"></script>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/scriptaculous/1.9.0/scriptaculous.js?ver=1.9.0" id="scriptaculous-root-js"></script>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/scriptaculous/1.9.0/effects.js?ver=1.9.0" id="scriptaculous-effects-js"></script>
<script src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/plugins/lightbox-2/lightbox.js?ver=1.8" id="lightbox-js"></script>
<script src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=9.9.0" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script>
<script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[{\"path\":\"\\\/go\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"},{\"path\":\"\\\/recommend\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"}]","home_url":"http:\/\/polishcenterofcleveland.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-FZB2B8DD9X"};</script>
<script src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-json/wp/v2/tags/450" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.9.4" />

	<!-- begin lightbox scripts -->
	<script type="text/javascript">
    //<![CDATA[
    document.write('<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/plugins/lightbox-2/Themes/Black/lightbox.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />');
    //]]>
    </script>
	<!-- end lightbox scripts -->
<meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.35.8; features: additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-auto">
			<style>
				.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
				.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
					background-image: none !important;
				}
				@media screen and (max-height: 1024px) {
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
						background-image: none !important;
					}
				}
				@media screen and (max-height: 640px) {
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
						background-image: none !important;
					}
				}
			</style>
			<link rel="icon" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cropped-PACC-LOGO-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cropped-PACC-LOGO-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cropped-PACC-LOGO-180x180.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cropped-PACC-LOGO-270x270.png" />
</head>
<body class="archive tag tag-independent-poland tag-450 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-hello-elementor hello-elementor-default elementor-default elementor-kit-3467">


<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>

<header id="site-header" class="site-header dynamic-header header-full-width menu-dropdown-tablet">
	<div class="header-inner">
		<div class="site-branding show-logo">
							<div class="site-logo show">
					<a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img fetchpriority="high" width="2230" height="471" src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Polish-American Cultural Center" decoding="async" srcset="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL.png 2230w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-350x74.png 350w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-570x120.png 570w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-130x27.png 130w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-768x162.png 768w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-1536x324.png 1536w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-2048x433.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2230px) 100vw, 2230px" /></a>				</div>
					</div>

					<nav class="site-navigation show" aria-label="Main menu">
				<ul id="menu-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-2210" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2210"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/history-museum/">Museum</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3648"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/events-classes/">Events</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-4471" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4471"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/membership/">Join Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-4578" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4578"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-3552" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3552"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
</ul>			</nav>
							<div class="site-navigation-toggle-holder show">
				<button type="button" class="site-navigation-toggle" aria-label="Menu">
					<span class="site-navigation-toggle-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>
				</button>
			</div>
			<nav class="site-navigation-dropdown show" aria-label="Mobile menu" aria-hidden="true" inert>
				<ul id="menu-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2210"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/history-museum/">Museum</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3648"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/events-classes/">Events</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4471"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/membership/">Join Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4578"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3552"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
</ul>			</nav>
			</div>
</header>
<main id="content" class="site-main">

			<div class="page-header">
			<h1 class="entry-title">Tag: <span>independent poland</span></h1>		</div>
	
	<div class="page-content">
					<article class="post">
				<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/polska-dzisiaj/">Polska dzisiaj</a></h2><p>Międzynarodowe Sympozjum na temat współczesnego społeczeństwa polskiego. Odbędzie się w Polsko-Amerykańskim Centrum Kultury w Cleveland w sobotę, 19 września, 2015. Początek o godz. 18-tej. Adres Centrum: 6501 Lansing Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44105 Sympozjum organizowane jest wspólnie przez: Dr. Ed Horowitz from “Polish Studies” of Cleveland State University Dr. Kathy Farkas from “Invisible Groups in Today’s [&hellip;]</p>
			</article>
					<article class="post">
				<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/warsaw-uprising-sixty-years-later-irresponsible-brawl-or-heroic-rise-for-liberty/">Warsaw Uprising Sixty Years Later Irresponsible Brawl or Heroic Rise for Liberty?</a></h2><p>How many of us realize that the Warsaw Uprising stands as one of the biggest battles of World War II?   This unprecedented Battle for Warsaw claimed 18 thousands lives of the Home Army soldiers and about 200,000 civilian lives on the Polish side, and about 17 thousands lives on the German side.  According to Heinrich [&hellip;]</p>
			</article>
			</div>

	
</main>
<footer id="site-footer" class="site-footer dynamic-footer footer-full-width footer-has-copyright">
	<div class="footer-inner">
		<div class="site-branding show-logo">
							<div class="site-logo show">
					<a href="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="2230" height="471" src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Polish-American Cultural Center" decoding="async" srcset="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL.png 2230w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-350x74.png 350w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-570x120.png 570w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-130x27.png 130w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-768x162.png 768w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-1536x324.png 1536w, http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/PACC-LOGO-BLACKOUTLINE-FULL-TEXT-HORIZONTAL-2048x433.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2230px) 100vw, 2230px" /></a>				</div>
							<p class="site-description hide">
					Polish-American Cultural Center				</p>
					</div>

					<nav class="site-navigation hide" aria-label="Footer menu">
				<ul id="menu-social" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-3194" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3194"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/PolishCenterOfCleveland/">Facebook</a></li>
</ul>			</nav>
		
					<div class="copyright show">
				<p>© 2022 The Polish-American Cultural Center</p>
			</div>
			</div>
</footer>

<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
			<script>
				const lazyloadRunObserver = () => {
					const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` );
					const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => {
						entries.forEach( ( entry ) => {
							if ( entry.isIntersecting ) {
								let lazyloadBackground = entry.target;
								if( lazyloadBackground ) {
									lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' );
								}
								lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target );
							}
						});
					}, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } );
					lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => {
						lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground );
					} );
				};
				const events = [
					'DOMContentLoaded',
					'elementor/lazyload/observe',
				];
				events.forEach( ( event ) => {
					document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver );
				} );
			</script>
			<script src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/" id="stripe-js-js"></script>
<script id="wpecpp-js-extra">
var wpecpp = {"ajaxUrl":"http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"b0a146632b","opens":"2","cancel":"","return":""};
//# sourceURL=wpecpp-js-extra
</script>
<script src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-ecommerce-paypal/assets/js/wpecpp.js?ver=2.0.1" id="wpecpp-js"></script>
<script src="http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/js/hello-frontend.js?ver=3.4.4" id="hello-theme-frontend-js"></script>
<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.9.4"}}
</script>
<script type="module">
/*! This file is auto-generated */
const a=JSON.parse(document.getElementById("wp-emoji-settings").textContent),o=(window._wpemojiSettings=a,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),s=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const a=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===a[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,a){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!a(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,a){let r;const o=(r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),s=(o.textBaseline="top",o.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{s[e]=t(o,e,n,a)}),s}function r(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}a.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",a=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const r=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(a),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(r.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),r.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(s,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)a.supports[n]=e[n],a.supports.everything=a.supports.everything&&a.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(a.supports.everythingExceptFlag=a.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&a.supports[n]);var t;a.supports.everythingExceptFlag=a.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!a.supports.flag,a.supports.everything||((t=a.source||{}).concatemoji?r(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(r(t.twemoji),r(t.wpemoji)))});
//# sourceURL=http://polishcenterofcleveland.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
</script>

</body>
</html>